Cycling lithium-ion batteries causes capacity fade, but also changes the shape of the open-circuit voltage (OCV) curve, due to loss of active material (LAM) and loss of lithium inventory (LLI). To model this change, we recently proposed a novel empirical calendar aging model that is parameterized on component states of health (s) instead of capacity fade only.
Authors: Alexander Karger, Julius Schmitt, Cedric Kirst, Jan Singer, Leo Wildfeuer, Andreas Jossen
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Cycling lithium-ion batteries causes capacity fade, but also changes the shape of the open-circuit voltage (OCV) curve, due to loss of active material (LAM) and loss of lithium inventory (LLI). To model this change, we recently proposed a novel empirical calendar aging model that is parameterized on component states of health (s) instead of capacity fade only.
In this work, we present a mechanistic aging model for cycle aging, allowing prediction of capacity fade, OCV curve change and component degradation. The model is parameterized on cycling data of 59 commercial lithium-ion batteries with NCA cathode and silicon–graphite anode, which were cycled for 2500 equivalent full cycles under varying conditions. We propose a stepwise approach to identify the most relevant stress parameters causing LLI and LAM, where we also separate between loss of accessible graphite and silicon in the blend anode. Stress parameter dependence is modeled with linear combinations of exponential functions and the model predicts capacity fade with  mean absolute error(MAE).
For all test conditions, LLI is the dominating degradation mode and loss of accessible graphite is negligible. Reconstructed OCV curves reduce the median voltage MAE by a factor of 8, compared to not updating the OCV.
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Alexander Karger is a battery and machine learning engineer at TWAICE, where he works on developing cutting-edge battery models for the electric, thermal, and aging behavior. At the same time, he pursues a Ph.D. at the Chair of Electrical Energy Storage Technology led by Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Jossen at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), and regularly publishes his latest findings. He holds an M.Sc. in Aerospace Engineering, having studied at TUM and the University of Stuttgart. His career includes experience with Porsche and GE Aviation. He joined TWAICE in 2019, initially to complete his master’s thesis.
Cedric Kirst is a Battery Engineer at TWAICE Technologies GmbH, where he has worked since August 2018. He also serves as an Associate Researcher at the TUM Chair of Electrical Energy Storage Technology, a role he has held since March 2023.
Cedric’s professional journey includes a significant tenure as a Student Assistant at the Bundeswehr University Munich from January 2017 to October 2019. He also gained valuable industry experience during his internship at IBM Research Dublin, where he participated in the EnableS3 project funded by the European Union.
Cedric holds a Master of Science in Mechatronics, Robotics, and Automation Engineering from the Technical University of Munich, completed in 2020. He also earned his Bachelor of Science in Engineering from the same institution in 2018.
Dr. Jan Singer is Engineering Manager at TWAICE, where his primary focus is working on laboratory measurements and battery models. Before he joined TWAICE in 2019, he was a Research Associate at the Chair for Electrical Energy Storage Systems, Institute for Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Germany. During his Ph.D. studies under the supervision of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kai Peter Birke, he focused on the detection of electrochemical effects induced by volume strains and the development of new non-destructive characterization methods for lithium-ion cells. He started his professional career in 2006 as mechatronic technician at Harman/Becker Automotive Systems. In 2012, he received his Bachelor’s degree from University of Applied Sciences Ulm and graduated with an M.Sc. from University of Stuttgart in 2015.